BIOLOGY ZNOTES

Biodiversity is the form of biological scheme ranging from cellular macromolecules to biomes. Edward Wilson popularized the term ‘biodiversity’. LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY 1. Genetic diversity: Diversity shown yesteryear a unmarried species at genetic level. E.g. Rauwolfia vomitoria (Himalaya) shows genetic variation inwards the authorization & concentration of the chemic reserpine. Republic of Republic of India has to a greater extent than than 50,000 unlike strains of rice in addition to 1000 varieties of mango. 2. Species diversity: Diversity at species level. E.g. Western Ghats accept greater amphibian species than Eastern Ghats. 3. Ecological diversity: Diversity at ecosystem level. E.g. In India, deserts, pelting forests, mangroves, coral reefs, moisture lands, estuaries & alpine meadows are seen. TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES ON EARTH  (GLOBAL SPECIES DIVERSITY) According to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 2004) to a greater extent than than 1.5 ...

Sex chromosomes together with Autosomes Most of the diploid organisms are amongst dissever sexes. The organisms producing sperms are called males and those producing eggs (ova) are called females.  Chromosome is the major ingredient to decide the sexual practice of an organism.  The chromosomes that are involved inwards sexual practice conclusion are called  sex chromosomes (allosomes).  They include  X & Y chromosomes.  Autosomes are chromosomes other than sexual practice chromosomes. Number of autosomes is same inwards males together with females. Henking (1891) studied spermatogenesis inwards simply about insects together with observed that fifty % of sperm received a nuclear construction later spermatogenesis, whereas other fifty % sperm did non have it. Henking called this construction every bit the X body. Later it is called every bit X-chromosome. Mechanism of sexual practice conclusion XX-XO mechanism: Here, manly individual...

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS VITAMIN C & INOSITOL Vitamins Vitamin C Inositol Other names Ascorbic acid or Antiscorbutic vitamin Mouse antialopecia factor Discovered by King (isolated from lemon juice) Wolley et al Daily requirement 50 mg Not nevertheless known Sources Citrus fruits, pineapple, grapes, leafy vegetables, greenish pepper. Absent inwards creature sources. Muscles, liver, kidney, brain, vegetables, fruits, yeast. Functions Tyrosine metabolism Controls surgery of fibroblasts, osteoblasts. Healing of wounds. Blood formation. Absorption of Fe. Resistance to cold. Stimulates the increase of mice “spectacle eye” status inwards rats tin live treated. Regulates human blood cholesterol level. Deficiency Scurvy Reduced increase together with alopecia inwards mice. Hemorrhagic degeneration of adrenal glands. Hypervitam...

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS VITAMINS B9 & B12 Vitamins Vitamin B 9 Vitamin B 12 Other names Folic acid, folacin, vitamin M, Fermentation remainder factor, anti-anaemic factor Cyanocobalamin, extrinsic share of Castle or Animal Protein share (APF) Discovered by Day et al Ricker Daily requirement 0.4 mg 1mg for adults 2-3 mg for children Sources Yeast, leafy vegetables, liver Synthesized past times colon bacteria Liver, reddish meat, milk, eggs (vegetables foods are to a greater extent than oft than non without B 12 ) Functions Co-enzyme for the synthesis of proteins which are essential for formation as well as maturation of RBCs. Promotes synthesis of thymidilic acid as well as DNA. Formation as well as maturation of RBCs. Formation of myelin sheath. Deficiency Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anaemia. Sprue (mouth ulceration inward man). ...

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS VITAMINS B6 & B7 Vitamins Vitamin B 6 Vitamin B 7 Other names Pyridoxine, or rat antidermatitis factor Biotin, vitamin H, anti-egg white injury factor, co-enzyme R Discovered by Goldberger W.G. Bateman Daily requirement 2 mg 150- 300 mg Sources Fish, liver, yeast, tomatoes, cereals, leafy vegetables, kidney, egg yolk. Synthesized past times intestinal bacteria. Liver, yeast, eggs, vegetables, fruits, milk. Synthesized past times intestinal bacteria. Functions Co-enzyme for many enzymes. Accelerates the metabolism. Tryptophan metabolism. Transamination of amino acids. Glycogenolysis. Erythropoiesis. Carboxylation in addition to decarboxylation reactions. Deficiency Dermatitis. Paralysis. Retarded growth. Nausea. Convulsion inwards children Mental in addition to musculus dysfunction. Fatigue in addition ...

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS VITAMIN B3 & B5 Vitamins Vitamin B 3 Vitamin B 5 Other names Niacine, Nicotinamide, pellagra preventing factor, anti-pellagric factor Pantothenic acid, yeast factor, chick antidermatitis share or anti-greying factor Discovered by C. Funk R.J Williams Daily requirement 13-18 mg 5-10 mg Sources Fish, liver, ruby-red meat, yeast, grains, peas, beans, fruits, cereal husks, light-green leafy vegetables. Egg yolk. Liver, yeast, light-green vegetables, grains, kidney, intestinal bacteria, egg yolk. Functions All biological oxidation- reduction reactions equally NAD or NADP. As H-receptor inward dehydrogenation reactions. In metabolism equally coenzyme A. e.g. Acetyl Co A Deficiency Pellagra (4-D syndrome: Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death) Dermatitis inward chicken. Neuromuscular dysfunction in addition to fatigue...