BIOLOGY ZNOTES

INFERTILITY &  ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART) Infertility is the inability of manly someone or woman someone to create children. The reasons for this may be  physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological or fifty-fifty psychological.  Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)  are the modern techniques for the handling of Infertility. Some techniques are given below: 1. In vitro fecundation (IVF– examination metro babe programme): In this method, ova from the wife/donor in addition to sperms from the husband/donor are collected in addition to are induced to dissever zygote nether imitation weather condition inwards the laboratory. This is followed by  Embryo transfer (ET).  It is ii types: Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT):  It is the transfer of zygote or early on embryos (with upwards to 8 blastomeres) into fallopian tube. Intra Uterine Transfer (IUT):  It is the transfer of em...

PROTEINS Proteins are polypeptides. i.e., linear chains of amino acids linked past times peptide bonds. A Peptide bond is formed when –COOH grouping of 1 amino acid reacts alongside –NH 2 grouping of side past times side amino acid past times releasing a molecule of H2O (dehydration). Proteins are Heteropolymer of amino acids. i.e, unlike types of amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to shape protein. There are xx types of amino acids involved inward protein synthesis. They are Alanine (Ala)   Arginine (Arg)   Asparagine (Asn)   Aspartic acid (Asp) )  Cystein (Cys)   Glutamine (Gln)   Glutamic acid (Glu)   Glycine (Gly)   Histidine (His)   Isoleucine (Ile)  Leucine (Leu) Lysine (Lys) Methionine (Met) Phenyl alanine (Phe Proline (Pro) Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Tryptophan (Trp) Tyrosine (Tyr) Valine (Val) Amino acids are two types: Essential amino acids:  They cannot hold upward...

METABOLISM All the biochemical reactions taking house within a living organization together establish metabolism. E.g. Glycolysis Kreb's cycle Respiration Photosynthesis  Removal of CO 2 from amino acids to degree amine. Removal of amino grouping inwards a nucleotide base. Hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond etc. Metabolites are the organic compounds taking percentage inwards metabolism. They are ii types: Primary metabolites: They are the compounds which bring identifiable functions in addition to roles inwards physiological processes. They are non not essential to hold life.                          E.g. amino acids, sugars, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins etc. Secondary metabolites:  They are non straight involved inwards normal growth, evolution or reproduction. They are non not essential to hold life. E.g.               Pigments: Carote...

ENZYMES Enzymes are biological catalysts which influence biochemical reactions. All enzymes are proteins only all proteins are non enzymes because at that spot are proteins other than enzymes. Ribozymes:  These are the Nucleic acids (RNA) that bear similar enzymes. The heart together with mortal on which the enzyme acts is known every bit substrate. Enzymes are specific. i.e, Each enzyme tin exclusively acts on a specific substrate.  The third construction of an enzyme has about crevices (pockets) called ‘active site’ into which the substrate fits. Inorganic catalysts function at high temperature & pressure. But enzymes larn damaged at high temperature. (> 40 0 C). Thermophilic organisms accept enzymes which are stable at high temperature (up to 80-90 0 C). Carbonic anhydrase is the fastest enzyme. It accelerates the next reaction 10 1000000 times. CO 2 + H 2 O carbonic anhydrase H 2 CO 3 In the absence of enzyme, exclusively 200 molecu...

Comparison betwixt DNA, mRNA, rRNA too tRNA Name DNA mRNA rRNA tRNA Number of strands Double stranded Single stranded Single stranded Single stranded Location Mainly inwards nucleus, too inwards mitochondria too chloroplasts In nucleus too cytoplasm (mainly ribosomes) Only inwards ribosomes In the cytoplasm Functions Acts equally shop of coded instructions for the synthesis of proteins required yesteryear the cell. It is made on the deoxyribonucleic acid template. It carries coded instructions (codons) from nucleus to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins. Forms utilisation of ribosome structure. Helps inwards locating mRNA correctly on ribosome surface. Acts equally amino acid carriers during translation (protein synthesis)

Comparison of dissimilar types of DNA  (Differences betwixt A, B, C, D too Z DNA) Features A-DNA B-DNA C-DNA D-DNA Z-DNA Handedness of double helix Right handed Right handed Right handed Right handed Left handed Base couplet per amount plow of the helix 11 10 9.33 8 12 Diameter of helix 23 Å 19 Å 19 Å - 18 Å Tilt of nitrogen base of operations pairs ( g ) 20.2 O 6.3 O -7.8 O -16.7 O 7 O Axial ascension (h) 2.56 Å 3.37 Å 3.32 Å 3.03 Å 3.7 Å

Sl No. Disease together with Pathogen Transmission & Incubation period Symptoms Prevention & Treatment 1.         Disease: Acinetobacter infections Pathogen: Acinetobacter baumannii Transmission:  Direct contact together with may travel constitute on pare or inward food, water, or soil. It may also travel constitute inward hospitals. Fever. Red, swollen, warm, or painful pare areas or wounds. An surface area of orange, bumpy pare amongst blisters. Cough, breast pain, or problem breathing. Burning feeling patch yous urinate. Sleepiness, headaches, or a rigid neck. It may Pb to Pneumonia, Blood infection, Meningitis, Urinary tract infection, Skin or injure infection etc. Treatment : Antibiotic medicines, Pain medicine, Antipyretics Prevention: Wash hands, Keep wounds covered. 2.         Disea...